Literature Review
Life Cycle Cost Analysis of Electric Vehicles in Australia
There are many vehicles in Australia. Most of them run on diesel and petrol. Electricity is an alternative form of fuel for vehicles. The cost of electricity in Australia is low. Despite this, electric vehicles are the least popular. A life cycle cost analysis will help examine the extra cost and the cost savings in relation to electric vehicles. This will help to show factors that make people prefer vehicles that run on liquid fuels rather than electric vehicles, despite the low cost of running electric vehicles (Kara, et al., 2017).
The life cycle cost of electrical vehicles is high compared to liquid fuel vehicles. It begins with the high purchasing cost. High life cycle cost of electric vehicles is also attributed to the operation cost of electric vehicles. Operation costs include cost of electricity, insurance costs and replacement batteries. To increase popularity of electric vehicles, the Australian government in conjunction with vehicle manufacturers would have to deal with the main barrier, high purchasing cost (Kara, et al., 2017).
Life Cycle Cost Analysis for Extraction of Minerals from Waste Mobile Phones in China
There are certain minerals such as palladium and cobalt that can be extracted from waste mobile phones and be used for other purposes. Products being compared are waste feature mobile phones and waste smartphones (Haibo, et al., 2019).
The cost of recycling minerals from waste feature mobile phones has been reducing over the years as compared to recycling from smartphones. This is attributed to the fact that the use of feature mobile phones has reduced drastically with the emergence of smartphones. The cost of recycling minerals from smartphones has increased over the years as a result of increased use of smartphones. Nowadays, there are more waste smartphones than waste feature phones. This is because of increased use of smartphones and phasing out of feature phones. This will lead to increased cost of recycling minerals from waste smartphones compared to waste feature phones (Haibo, et al., 2019).
The Chinese government should work to ensure that there are policies to govern the collection of minerals from waste mobile phones (Haibo, et al., 2019).
Life Cycle Cost Analysis for Evaluating Investments in Highway Infrastructure
Life cycle cost analysis is relevant since it will assist policy makers in choosing the best options for various highway infrastructure investments (Goh, et al., 2019).
Life cycle cost analysis was amalgamated with Fuzzy AHP. The amalgamation brought about a model that will act as a practical tool to help policy makers when working to fulfil certain goals. It also helps policy makers to evaluate alternatives and pick the one that suits them best (Goh, et al., 2019).
Life Cycle Cost Analysis of Recycled Material in Road Construction
The use of recycled materials in construction of roads has many environmental and economic advantages. The use of I-94 or Beltline technology helps to reduce consumption of energy and water during construction. The generation of harmful waste and CO2 emissions is also greatly reduced (Bloom, et al., 2016).
The use of recycled material in construction of roads improves the durability of roads and helps to realize proper cost savings (Bloom, et al., 2016).
Life Cycle Cost Analysis of Deteriorating Structural Systems
A framework based on life cycle requires drafting of complex processes of deterioration. It is also important to evaluate various indicators of performance within a structural lifetime. A good prediction of performance is dependent upon a computed model of structural systems and materials based on probability (Biondini & Frangopol, 2016).
More effort is required to implement a framework based on life cycle. Such a framework is crucial as it helps policy makers to make proper decisions in regard to creation of new structures and maintenance and rehabilitation of existing structures (Biondini & Frangopol, 2016).
Life-Cycle Cost, Cooling Degree Day, and Carbon Dioxide Emission Assessments of Insulation of Refrigerated Warehouses Industry in Turkey
Life cycle analysis is used in refrigerated warehouses in Turkey to determine CO2 emissions generated yearly and the optimum insulation thickness (Ozturk, et al., 2019).
Increased insulation thickness increases the cost of insulation and vice-versa. Increased insulation thickness decreases the cost of electricity. Increased cooling degree day increases the amount of CO2 emissions generated yearly. Lower temperatures increase energy savings. They are thus recommended in construction of refrigerated warehouses (Ozturk, et al., 2019).
Effectiveness and Cost-Effectiveness Evaluation of Pavement Treatments Using Life-Cycle Cost Analysis
The authors did a comparison of effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of various treatments of maintaining pavements (Yao, et al., 2019).
Increase in traffic decreases the effectiveness of methods analysed. Decrease in traffic increases cost effectiveness. Crack and milling treatment decrease cost-effectiveness due to the extra cost incurred. Cost-effectiveness of microsurfacing can be achieved if done during construction of the pavement (Yao, et al., 2019).
Sustainable Configuration of Bioretention Systems for Nutrient Management Through Life-Cycle Assessment and Cost Analysis
Internal Water Storage Zones improves removal of nutrients. They also help to mitigate the effect of eutrophication (Xu & Zhang, 2019).
Life cycle costs increase with Internal Water Storage Zones. Internal Water Zones also increase the potential for global warming and depletion of fossil fuels. An internal water zone that is 45cm deep is recommended since it is more effective than ground plants (Xu & Zhang, 2019).
Life-Cycle Cost Analysis of a Point-Like Structure Subjected to Tornadic Wind Loads
The authors concluded that a systematic framework based on performance is necessary in the analysis of structures that have been subjected to many loads (Le & Luca, 2020).
The models discussed need to be improved to provide optimum results. Life cycle cost is used in estimating the amount of premiums to be paid by insurance policy holders (Le & Luca, 2020).
Environmental Effects of Accelerated Pavement Repair Using 3D Printing: Life Cycle Assessment Approach
Spall repair method using 3D printing decreases air pollution and greenhouse gases as compared to partial-depth repair.
Spall repair method is cost-effective since less Portland cement is used as compared to partial-depth repair. Policy makers are advised to adopt the use of spall method using 3D printing over traditional partial-depth repair since it is environmentally sustainable. More research should also be done on spall repair method to increase its effectiveness.
Annotated Bibliography
The authors compared the 2011 Nissan Leaf, an electric vehicle, and the 2014 Toyota Corolla Ascent Sport hatch model, an internal combustion engine vehicle. Unlike internal combustion engine vehicles, electric vehicles do not pollute the environment. However, many people still prefer to use internal combustion engine vehicles. Electric vehicles seem to have high cost of maintenance compared to internal combustion engine vehicles. An example is the 2011 Nissan Leaf. The total life cycle cost is divided into three phases: acquisition phase, operation phase and disposal phase. Costs incurred during the acquisition phase include vehicle manufacturer’s suggested retail price, level 2 charger manufacturer’s suggested retail price, registration, tax and compulsory third party insurance. Costs incurred during the operation phase include recharging electricity, battery replacement, maintenance, adaptor kit for new tyres, mandatory annual registration, insurance and tyre replacement. Costs incurred during the disposal phase include the scrap value of the vehicle and the battery recycling cost. It is quite different for the 2014 Toyota Corolla Ascent. The manufacturer’s suggested retail price of the 2014 Toyota Corolla Ascent is lower. It also comes with low stamp duty.
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