INTERIOR DESIGN BETWEEN 1900 AND 1915
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Design History Seminar
November 19, 2020
1900 and 1915 was the period when the world started recognizing interior design as a profession. This was attributed to the fact that industrial change was taking place. This change had an impact on aspects of work, and life in general. The job market was becoming complex with the passing of every day. New jobs were being created and businesses were growing every day. There were different types of knowledge and methods of acquiring that knowledge emerging. Formal education became accessible and people went to school. Interior design was incorporated into the education system. Communication was also advancing during that period. The publishing industry also grew. People started publishing materials on interior design. Emphasis was placed on the importance of tertiary education, professionalism of interior design, need for specialized education, and the separation of interior design from other disciplines. For instance, before 1900, interior decorator was a term incorporated painters, antique dealers, upholsterers, and home furnishers. In early 1900s, the term interior decorator began to be used to describe someone who is involved in design of interior furnishings on a full-time basis. There was increased demand for interior design.
There are various styles that emerged between 1900 and 1915 such as Art Nouveau, Art Deco, Modernism, Liberty, Glasgow, Jugendstil, Secession, and Bauhaus styles.
One of the pioneers of interior design was Elsie De Wolfe. Her best work is The House in Good Taste. Other renowned interior designers who emerged between 1900 and 1915 include an American known as Louis Comfort Tiffany. His best work was the Four Seasons glass window followed by the Wisteria table lamp. He won a gold medal for that piece of work. His works were mainly lamps made from glass impurities. Other organizations have used Tiffany’s work to come up with other designs, for example, Archer & Buchanan Architecture Ltd. Another interior designer who emerged between 1900 and 1915 is a Spaniard known as Antoni Gaudi. Some of his works include Park Guell and Casa Batllo. His works were mainly shapes from plants and animals covered in glass and ceramic. Some of his works have been used by designers such as Tracey Stephens. Edwin Lutyens is a British interior designer who rose to fame after the demise of Queen Victoria in 1901. His masterpiece is an oak garden bench called, Lutyens Bench. Firms such as Artichoke and La Cornue have incorporated his designs into some of their works. Charles Rennie Mackintosh was an interior designer from Scotland who made roses and chairs that had the signature high back. His chairs have appeared in movies such as Inception and Blade Runner. Cassina, a furniture company in Italy, still features Mackintosh’s chairs in their collection. His designs have been used by other designers, including David Tragen. Josef Hoffmann and Koloman Moser are credited for flanking armchairs. Their designs have been used by various companies, including David Estreich Architects and Gail Green Interiors. Mariano Fortuny is an interior designer who created pleated dresses, among other designs. He has many patents, including the Cyclorama Dome, which he made in 1901. Fortuny also made chandeliers that reflected light’s changing quality. Some of his chandeliers are exhibited at the Venetia Stadium of Venice. Charles Voysey was an English interior designer who made lots of decorative designs such as textiles, furniture, and lighting. He was an inspiration to other interior designers, including Edwin Lutyens and Charles Rennie Mackintosh. His signature was a heart motif hidden among the leaves.
Interior design was influenced by certain social and cultural factors. The Industrial Revolution that started in 1860 largely influenced interior design. By 1910, the United States of America was an urban industrial nation. This means that there were lots of raw materials that dictated how homes were designed and how families lived their daily lives. Between 1900 and 1915, people started emphasizing on order, hygiene and sanitation. This led to invention of various interior designs such as indoor bathrooms and sanitary sewer systems. Personal space started becoming a thing during this period. People wanted to have their own personal privacy. Separate rooms for sleeping, which later came to be known as bedrooms, were rare and only found among the rich. Other people slept on makeshift beds in large rooms. With people increasingly becoming sensitive to matters of personal space, the demand for bedrooms began to rise, and so did demand for interior designs in bedrooms. There was need to embrace proper hygiene diseases to prevent some of the diseases that had ravaged humankind for a long time. This included adopting use of the flushing toilet to reduce the risk of diseases such as cholera. This led to the creation of various designs by interior designers such as Thomas Crapper, Alexander Cumming, Joseph Bramah, George Jennings, and Albert Giblin. There was a lot of dust and smoke in the general atmosphere. This led to the creation of various interior designs such as curtains to help control dust.
Arts and craft changed American furnishings, earthenware production, metalwork, material, and other homegrown goods. This new way of thinking started in England under the initiative of famous planner, pundit, and artist William Morris. He dismissed the helpless plan, and poor development of fabricated products that had overwhelmed the retail market and embraced a complex straightforwardness roused naturally, top-notch craftsmanship, and direct materials (Montgomery 2006).
As a totally different idea inside workmanship and inside plan Art Deco, its configuration can be followed back to Europe in 1908. Craftsmanship Deco was a development with solid associations with France all in all, and Paris specifically. Craftsmanship Art Deco style keeps on having an impact on the inside plan format that individuals pick to copy now nearly as when it was in its prime between 1914 to 1945. Individuals can pick their frill and goods to make the look in their home complete.
The development of the Vienna Secession in 1897 checked, precisely, the conventional start of present-day craftsmanship in Austria – a country at the time noted for its connection to an exceptional traditionalist custom. It was the combination of specialists and creators who were focused on a groundbreaking, internationalist perspective on the craftsmanship world, sweeping in its grasp and incorporation of types and fields, and – profoundly hopefully – liberated from the dictates of dug in values or commercial tastes. Driven toward the start by Gustav Klimt, the Secessionists gave contemporary workmanship its initially devoted setting in the city. This, working together with their official diary Ver Sacrum, not just acquainted the Austrian capital with their work, yet that of contemporary and verifiable craftsmanship developments on a worldwide scale. The Secessionists’ work gives in enormous part the visual portrayals of the new educated and social blossoming of Vienna around 1900, in fields as assorted as medicine, music, and philosophy. In a little while, notwithstanding, inner divisions and troubles emerging from the business side of the Secessionists’ work eventually cracked the gathering’s syndication on the scene for contemporary and embellishing expressions. Regardless, even today the Secession stays a critical discussion in Austria for the advancement and talk encompassing contemporary craftsmanship.
Since the commencement of the Arts and Crafts Movement, Liberty and Co. continuously appreciated an unmistakable position. With innovative plan, top notch development, and best in class promoting, the organization was liable for the absolute generally wonderful and suffering household items from 1900 (Bennett 2012).
Bibliography
Bennett, Daryl. 2012. Liberty’s Furniture 1875-1915: The Birth of Modern Interior Design. Woodbridge: Antique Collectors Club Art Books.
May, Bridget A. 2016. “Lessons in Diversity: Origins of Interior Decoration Education in the United States, 1870-1930.” Journal of Interior Design 5-28.
Montgomery, Susan J. 2006. The American Arts & Crafts Home, 1900-1915: Selections from the Two Red Roses Foundation Collection at the Leepa-Rattner Museum of Art. April 16. Accessed November 20, 2020. http://www.tworedroses.com/news/news02102006.php.
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